Relevant Literature:

Review Articles:  Venous Air Emboli

Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Air Embolism, MA Mirski, AV Lele, L Fitzsimmons, TJK Toung, Anesthesiology 2007;106:164-77

Patent Foramen Ovale and its Significance in the Perioperative Period, MR Sukernik, B Ments, E Bennett-Guerrero, Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001;93:1137-46

Reviews of Current Technology:

The air elimination capabilities of pressure infusion devices and fluid warmers, J Schnoor, S Macko, I Weber, R Rossaint, Anaesthesia, 2004, 59, pages 817-821

Air Detection Performance of the Level 1 H-1200 Fluid and Blood Warmer, RR Abula, R Kramer, and CE Smith, Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005;101:1413-6

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